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Behavioral medicine is an interdisciplinary field combining both medicine and psychology and is concerned with the integration of knowledge in the biological, behavioral, psychological, and social sciences relevant to health and illness. These sciences include epidemiology, anthropology, sociology, psychology, physiology, pharmacology, nutrition, neuroanatomy, endocrinology, and immunology.〔Miller, N. E. (1983). Behavioral medicine: symbiosis between laboratory and clinic. ''Annual Review of Psychology, 34'', 1-31.〕 The term is often used interchangeably, and incorrectly, with health psychology.. The practice of behavioral medicine encompasses health psychology, but also includes applied psychophysiological therapies such as biofeedback, hypnosis, and bio-behavioral therapy of physical disorders, aspects of occupational therapy, rehabilitation medicine, and physiatry, as well as preventive medicine. In contrast, health psychology represents a stronger emphasis specifically on psychology's role in both behavioral medicine and behavioral health.〔Matarazzo, J. D. (1980). Behavioral health and behavioral medicine: frontiers for a new health psychology. ''American Psychologist, 35''(9), 807-817.〕 This topic must also be distinguished from behavioral health, which focuses on prevention of disease, whereas behavioral medicine emphasizes remediation and healing of illness. Behavioral medicine is especially relevant in the United States, where many of the health problems are primarily viewed as behavioral in nature, as opposed to medical. For example, smoking, leading a sedentary lifestyle, and alcohol abuse or other substance abuse are all factors in the leading causes of death in the United States. Practitioners of behavioral medicine include appropriately qualified nurses, social workers, psychologists, and physicians (including medical students and residents), and these professionals often act as behavioral change agents, even in their medical roles. Behavioral medicine uses the biopsychosocial model of illness instead of the medical model.〔Engel, G. L. (1977). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. ''Science, 196'', 129-136.〕 This model incorporates biological, psychological, and social elements into its approach to disease instead of relying only on a biological deviation from the standard or normal functioning. ==Origins and History== Writings from the earliest civilizations have alluded to the relationship between mind and body, the fundamental concept underlying behavioral medicine.〔 The field of psychosomatic medicine is among its academic forebears. In the form in which it is generally understood today, the field dates back to the 1970s. The earliest uses of the term were in the title of a book by Lee Birk (''Biofeedback: Behavioral Medicine''), published in 1973; and in the names of two clinical research units, the Center for Behavioral Medicine, founded by Ovide F. Pomerleau and John Paul Brady at the University of Pennsylvania in 1973, and the Laboratory for the Study of Behavioral Medicine, founded by William Stewart Agras at Stanford University in 1974. Subsequently the field burgeoned, and inquiry into behavioral, physiological, and biochemical interactions with health and illness gained prominence under the rubric of behavioral medicine. In 1976, in recognition of this trend, the National Institutes of Health created the Behavioral Medicine Study Section to encourage and facilitate collaborative research across disciplines. The 1977 Yale Conference on Behavioral Medicine and a meeting of the National Academy of Sciences were explicitly aimed at defining and delineating the field in the hopes of helping to guide future research.〔 Based on deliberations at the Yale conference, Schwartz and Weiss proposed the biopsychosocial model, emphasizing the new field's interdisciplinary roots and calling for the integration of knowledge and techniques broadly derived from behavioral and biomedical science.〔Schwartz, G.E. & Weiss, S.M. (1978). Behavioral medicine revisited: An amended definition. ''Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1,'' 249-251.〕 Shortly after, Pomerleau and Brady published a book entitled ''Behavioral Medicine: Theory and Practice'',〔Pomerleau, O.F. & Brady, J.P., Eds. (1979). ''Behavioral Medicine: Theory and Practice''. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.〕 in which they offered an alternative definition focusing more closely on the particular contribution of the experimental analysis of behavior in shaping the field. Additional developments during this period of growth and ferment included the establishment of learned societies (the Society of Behavioral Medicine and the Academy of Behavioral Medicine Research, both in 1978) and of journals (the ''Journal of Behavioral Medicine'' in 1977 and the ''Annals of Behavioral Medicine'' in 1979). In 1990, at the International Congress of Behavioral Medicine in Sweden, the International Society of Behavioral Medicine was founded to provide, through its many daughter societies and through its own peer-reviewed journal (the ''International Journal of Behavioral Medicine''), an international focus for professional and academic development.〔Keefe, F. J. (2011). Behavioral medicine: a voyage to the future. ''Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 41'', 141-151.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「behavioral medicine」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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